AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Faculty of Agriculture Merdeka University Surabaya, E-ISSN: 2597-8713 (Online) and ISSN: 2598-5167 (Print). and with DOI Prefix number: 10.55173. The aims of the journal are to publish and disseminate high quality, original research papers and article review in plant science i.e. agronomy, horticulture, plant breeding, soil sciences, plant protection, agricultural technology, agricultural agribusiness, agricultural economy and other related fields related to agriculture. AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE is published twice a year. We accept submission from all over the world. All submitted articles shall never been published elsewhere, original and not under consideration for other publication. Already have a Username/Password for Agricultural Science? Go to LOGIN Need a Username/Password? Go to REGISTRATION Download TEMPLATE and AUTHOR GUIDELINE
Faculty of Agriculture, Merdeka University Surabaya, Indonesia
Analysis of Land Cover Change Across Land-Use Types in the Palolo Valley
The progress of a region has several components, namely growth centers and the formation of a region. These components influence changes in the structure and diversity of a region or area, one of which is changes in land cover. Land cover itself is an object appearance on the earth's surface that shows that land cover reflects the relationship between natural processes and social processes. Land cover is also important information for the purposes of modeling and understanding natural phenomena that occur on the earth's surface through remote sensing techniques. Palolo Valley, Sigi Regency, experiences quite high land use pressure, so information on land cover changes is needed as a basis for sustainable regional management. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent and distribution of land cover changes in several types of land use and to determine what factors influence land cover changes in several types of land use in the Palolo Valley in 2016 to 2026. The study uses an integration method between making land cover maps in the Palolo Valley by utilizing Sentinel-2 images in 2016 and 2026 which are processed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) using the ArcGIS 8.0 application. Data analysis in this study is by conducting a supervised classification method then taking the last sample point to test the accuracy of the land cover map using an error matrix. The results of this study indicate that the most significant changes in land cover in the 2016 to 2026 period in the Palolo Valley occurred in the plantation land cover category with a percentage of land cover change of 10.0%. Furthermore, shrub land cover experienced a change in area with a percentage change of 6.04%, the third land cover that experienced a change was rice fields with a percentage change of 3.52%, and finally forest land cover experienced a change of 0.44%, there were two land cover classes that did not experience a change in land cover, namely open land and settlements. Factors that influence land cover changes towards various types of land use in the Palolo Valley include biophysical factors and natural disasters, socio-demographic factors namely population growth and migration, accessibility and infrastructure factors in the form of road construction and residential construction, and the last factor is the economy and superior commodities, namely the expansion of cocoa and coffee plantations. The results of the accuracy test showed an overall accuracy of 90.3% in 2016 and 86.1% in 2026, so the classification results are considered reliable for land cover change analysis. The findings of this study can be a basis for formulating sustainable land management and conservation policies in the Palolo Valley.
land cover change; remote sensing; Sentinel-2; Geographic Information System (GIS); supervised classification; Palolo Valley.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agricultural Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Linking Forest-Area Conversion And Land-Cover Change In Central Sulawesi Grand Forest Park
Studies on forest-area conversion generally examine land-cover dynamics and forest policy separately, leaving the relationship between formal changes in forest designation, actual landscape conditions, and their underlying institutional factors insufficiently understood. This study addresses this gap by integrating multi-temporal land-cover classification with policy, regulatory, and interview analyses to evaluate the conversion of part of the Central Sulawesi Grand Forest Park (Tahura). Sentinel-2 imagery from 2019, 2020, and 2025 was classified using the Random Forest algorithm on the Google Earth Engine platform. The spatial findings were complemented by document analysis and semi-structured interviews with three key informants from relevant forestry institutions. Classification performance showed Overall Accuracy values of 92.99%, 89.77%, and 95.30%, with Kappa coefficients of 0.8855, 0.81, and 0.86 for 2019, 2020, and 2025, respectively. The results indicate that the Tahura area decreased from 7,128 ha to 5,149 ha following Minister of Environment and Forestry Decree No. SK.6624/MENLHK-PKTL/KUH/PLA.2/10/2021. The converted area comprised 1,933 ha designated as Limited Production Forest and 46 ha as Other Land Use Areas. In 2025, the remaining Tahura was dominated by primary forest covering 3,105.38 ha (60.31%) and secondary forest covering 1,040.47 ha (20.21%). Although the conversion complied with formal procedures, it revealed tensions between regional development interests and conservation objectives. The novelty of this study lies in linking legally mandated forest-area conversion with empirically observed land-cover dynamics and institutional explanations within a single analytical framework. Practically, the findings provide a basis for post-conversion monitoring, rehabilitation prioritization, spatial-policy evaluation, tenure-conflict resolution, and the protection of ecologically important areas.
forest-function conversion; land-cover change; Grand Forest Park; remote sensing; Random Forest
Workload Analysis Using the Full-Time Equivalent Method Based on the Business Process Management Approach at PT XYZ
Effective human resource management is a key factor in ensuring the smooth operation of a company. Mismatches between the number of employees and the workload must be addressed to prevent low productivity or waste of resources. PT XYZ is a corn seed processing company. PT XYZ’s warehouse plays a crucial role in the entire process, from receiving to shipping out seed materials. This underscores the importance of measuring the workload within the warehouse. This workload measurement employs the Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) method through a Business Process Management (BPM) approach. Data was collected primarily through interviews, observations, and time measurements using a stopwatch, supplemented by secondary data in the form of warehouse Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Based on the analysis, the warehouse workflow at PT XYZ is divided into three categories: Work in Process (WIP), Production Material Chemical Material (PMCM), and finished goods. The calculated workload per employee in the warehouse is 1.034. This indicates that the workload level in the warehouse is considered normal.
Workload, Full-Time Equivalent (FTE), Business Process Management (BPM), Labor Requirements.
Aquaponics Development Strategy through the Empowerment of PKK Women's Groups in Palu City, Central Sulawesi
Limited urban land and women's low technical capacity in integrated agriculture necessitate an adaptive, technology-based empowerment strategy. This study examines the level of understanding of aquaponics cultivation among members of the Dasawisma Melati PKK group in Tanamodindi Urban Village, Palu City. It identifies development constraints, opportunities, and strategic formulations. The novelty of this research lies in integrating a mixed-methods approach with SWOT-AHP analysis to empower urban PKK women's groups. This area remains under-investigated empirically in Indonesia. The study involved 13 active group members over eight weeks (October–December 2025). It used Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Likert-scale questionnaires, in-depth interviews, field observations, and pre-tests and post-tests. Despite the small sample size (This approach is representative as it encompasses all active members directly involved in managing the Green Farm House facility. The cultivated commodities consisted of 350 African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with a 6% feeding rate and 48 heads of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The cultivation results showed that catfish biomass increased from 37 grams to 667 grams over eight weeks, with an 83.71% survival rate. The lettuce plants grew from 2 cm to 17–23 cm, with an average harvest weight of 156.3 grams per plant. Water quality remained stable at temperatures of 30–31 °C and a pH of 7. Although an increase in ammonia from 2.3 mg/L to 8.2 mg/L was observed—which theoretically approaches the toxicity threshold—it did not correlate with the high survival rate (; moderate positive correlation), thereby indicating potential fish adaptation or the effectiveness of the biofiltration system. Participants' understanding increased significantly from 54.02% to 85.13%. All variables, including program quality, participation, and socio-environmental benefits, shifted to the "very high" category. The Public Satisfaction Survey recorded an index of 101.25 (89.91% satisfaction level). The SWOT analysis placed the group in Quadrant I (IFAS 3.9; EFAS 3.8). Through AHP with a Consistency Ratio of 1.9%, four priority strategies were established, with routine training at the Green Farm House designated as the primary program (62% weight). This study demonstrates that aquaponics, grounded in the empowerment of PKK women, is effective at sustainably strengthening urban food security and holds potential as a replicable model for other cities. However, further research with larger sample sizes and longer observation periods is required.
Aquaponics, development strategy, women's empowerment, PKK
Community-Based Collaborative Management in Central Sulawesi Grand Forest Park
Community-based collaborative management is increasingly adopted in conservation governance. However, previous studies have examined Collaborative Governance and Co-Management separately, providing limited understanding of how collaborative processes and authority-sharing interact in state-managed conservation areas. This study analyzed community-based collaborative management in Central Sulawesi Forest Park by integrating both perspectives. A descriptive qualitative case study involved 23 purposively selected informants representing government, Forest Farmer Groups, village governments, local communities, and civil society organizations. Data were collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and document analysis, analyzed using an interactive qualitative approach, and validated through source and method triangulation. Across eight analytical dimensions, collaborative governance facilitated stakeholder dialogue, institutional arrangements, facilitative leadership, and community participation, while co-management was reflected in shared management responsibilities, access to conservation benefits, and social learning. However, strategic authority remained with government under the legal framework for conservation management, whereas communities primarily performed operational roles. Community-based collaborative management has been effectively implemented through complementary governance rather than equal decision-making authority. This study integrates Collaborative Governance and Co-Management into a unified analytical framework and provides a context-specific interpretation of shared authority, showing that authority sharing in state-managed conservation areas is achieved through complementary roles, with governments retaining strategic authority and communities undertaking substantial operational responsibilities.
collaborative governance; co-management; shared authority; conservation
Integrating Indigenous Socio-Cultural Values into GIS–AHP-Based Customary Forest Zoning
Customary forests play an important role in maintaining ecological functions, cultural values, and local livelihoods. However, most forest zoning studies based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) primarily emphasize biophysical parameters and rarely integrate indigenous socio-cultural values as spatial decision-making criteria. This limitation is particularly relevant in customary forest areas, where traditional norms and sacred sites strongly influence land-use practices and resource management. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the biophysical and socio-cultural factors influencing forest management and to develop a management zoning system for the Suaka Katuwua To Lindu Customary Forest using an integrated GIS–AHP approach. The study employed nine parameters, namely slope, elevation, land cover, distance from rivers, soil type, rainfall, distance from roads, distance from settlements, and sacred areas. Biophysical data were obtained from DEMNAS, Landsat 8 imagery, RBI BIG maps, CHIRPS rainfall data, and soil maps, while socio-cultural data were collected through interviews and participatory mapping conducted with the To Lindu Indigenous Community. All parameters were reclassified into five scoring classes and weighted using AHP based on assessments from three experts. The weighted parameters were subsequently integrated through spatial overlay analysis to generate a zoning index. The results showed that slope had the highest weight (22%), followed by sacred areas (21%), distance from settlements (11%), distance from roads (10%), land cover (9%), distance from rivers and elevation (8% each), soil type (6%), and rainfall (5%). These findings indicate that indigenous socio-cultural values have a level of importance comparable to that of biophysical factors in determining forest management priorities. Based on the zoning index, the 6,473-ha customary forest was classified into four management zones: Core/Protected Zone (1,352.40 ha; 20.89%), Buffer Zone (2,628.25 ha; 40.60%), Limited Utilization Zone (640.91 ha; 9.90%), and Intensive Utilization Zone (1,851.44 ha; 28.60%). The novelty of this study lies in the integration of sacred areas as socio-cultural spatial criteria within a GIS–AHP framework for customary forest zoning. The resulting zoning map provides a practical decision-support tool for indigenous institutions, local governments, and other stakeholders in promoting sustainable customary forest management and spatial planning.
Customary Forest, Management Zoning, Geographic Information System, Analytical Hierarchy Process.
Remote Sensing of Mangrove Health and Vulnerability in Tolongano
Mangrove ecosystems play an important role in protecting coastal areas from erosion, waves, and other environmental disturbances. However, increasing anthropogenic pressures, including aquaculture expansion, settlement development, and land-use conversion, threaten their sustainability. Previous studies have commonly assessed mangrove health or vulnerability separately, providing limited insight into the relationship between ecosystem condition and potential threats. This study addresses this gap by integrating the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to evaluate mangrove health, spatial vulnerability, and their relationship in Tolongano Village, South Banawa Sub-district, Central Sulawesi. The integration of SAVI and MCDA offers a novel framework for identifying healthy mangrove areas that remain exposed to significant anthropogenic pressures.Using Landsat 8/9 imagery, land-use data, and field validation at 45 sampling points, mangrove health was classified into healthy (72.78 ha; 52.47%), moderate (32.82 ha; 23.66%), and unhealthy/degraded (33.11 ha; 23.87%) categories. Classification accuracy was high, with an Overall Accuracy of 97.78% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.98. Vulnerability analysis showed that 87.40% of the mangrove area was categorized as very highly vulnerable, mainly due to the proximity of aquaculture ponds. Correlation analysis produced a weak negative relationship (r = −0.2390) between mangrove health and vulnerability. The results indicate that healthy mangrove stands may still face substantial future threats. The SAVI–MCDA approach provides a practical tool for conservation prioritization, coastal spatial planning, and long-term mangrove management.
mangrove forests, vegetation health, vulnerability, remote sensing, SAVI, weighted overlay.
Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi In Palm Habitats of Pigafetta elata Lore Lindu National Park
This study aimed to describe the species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), analyze spore density, assess the level of AMF colonization in the roots of Pigafetta elata, and evaluate the physical and chemical properties of soils within its habitat.The study was conducted from August to October 2025. Soil and root samples of Pigafetta elata were collected from its habitats in Puroo Village, Lindu District, Sigi Regency, and Sedoa Village, North Lore District, Poso Regency. Soil samples were analyzed to identify AMF morphospecies and determine spore density, while root samples were analyzed to determine the percentage of root colonization. These analyses were carried out at the Forest Biotechnology Laboratory, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, West Java. Analyses of soil physical and chemical properties were conducted at the Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu.The results showed that in Puroo Village, three AMF morphospecies belonging to two genera (Acaulospora and Glomus) were identified, with a spore density of 5 spores per 20 g of soil and a root colonization rate of 49.56%. In contrast, in Sedoa Village, seventeen morphospecies belonging to three genera (Acaulospora, Glomus, and Gigaspora) were identified, with a spore density of 47 spores per 20 g of soil and a colonization rate of 45.84%. These differences were associated with edaphic conditions: Puroo had a near-neutral soil pH (6.30), high organic carbon content (4.15%), and good porosity (55.86%), whereas Sedoa had acidic soil conditions (pH 4.48), moderate organic carbon content (2.16%), and lower porosity (45.84%). This study revealed an ecological trade-off within AMF communities. In habitats with favorable soil conditions (Puroo), AMF allocated more energy to root colonization. Conversely, in environmentally stressed habitats (Sedoa), AMF produced a greater number of spores as a survival strategy. These findings provide baseline information for the conservation of Pigafetta elata and support the utilization of AMF as a biological agent in ecosystem restoration efforts
Pigafetta elata, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Lore Lindu National Park, spore density, colonization, soil properties
The Application of Goat Manure and Rhizobium on Contaminated Soil to Improve Growth and Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata, L)
Stone slurry, a byproduct of natural stone industry activities, has the potential to pollute agricultural land surrounding the industry, affecting both the physical and chemical properties of the topsoil. The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of goat manure and Rhizobium application on stone slurry-contaminated soil in order to improve the growth and yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). A randomized block design (RBD) was arranged, including two factors: the doses of goat manure with three levels, namely 0 ton ha-1, 10 ton ha-1, 15 ton ha-1, and the doses of Rhizobium with three levels, 0 g kg-1 of seed, 7.5 g kg-1 of seed, and 15 g kg-1 of seed. The results showed that goat manure application had an independent effect on plant height and number of leaves at 28 days after planting (DAP), as well as on the number of pods per plot. Goat manure increased plant height and pod number by approximately 12-14% compared with the control treatment. However, its effect decreased during subsequent observation periods. Meanwhile, Rhizobium application did not significantly affect on all observed variables. Soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil physical properties as limiting factors affecting microbial activity, including both organic matter-decomposing microorganisms and Rhizobium as a nitrogen-fixing bacterium.
Growth Response of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) to the Application of Supermes Liquid Organic Fertilizer Dosage
Garlic (Allium sativumL.) is a horticultural commodity with high economic value in Indonesia. For optimal growth and yield, garlic plants require macronutrients and micronutrients from fertilization. Micronutrients can be met, for example, by providing organic liquid fertilizer. This study aims to determine the effect of Supermes Liquid Fertilizer dosage application on garlic plant growth. The garlic varieties planted are local varieties using a 1-factor Randomized Block Design with 6 fertilizer dosage treatments: 1) 0 ml/L; 2) 1 ml/L; 3) 2 ml/L; 4) 3 ml/L; 5) 4 ml/L and 6) 5 ml/L. Supermes liquid organic fertilizer. Each treatment was repeated three times: Garlic Response to Supermes Liquid Fertilizer, therefore, there were 18 treatment trials. The results of the Supermes POC fertilizer dosage application did not show significant differences in plant height and number of leaves. However, there was a significant increase in the number of leaves and plant height at each increase in fertilizer dosage. Further research on the application of Supermes POC dosage with various higher concentrations is needed to obtain superior results.
Fermented Jelly Candy, Aspects of Lime Mixing Percentage On Its Consistency And Sensory Properties
This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of fermented noni and lime on consistency and sensory properties. The design used was a completely randomised design (CRD) with one factor, namely the ratio of fermented noni and lime, which were P1 50:50, P2 60:40, P3 70:30, P4 80:20, and P5 90:10. The study was conducted at the Integrated Agroindustry Laboratory, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Untag Surabaya. Data collection consisted of organoleptic test data from 30 panelists and analysis results, namely physical consistency analysis in the form of texture testing using a penetrometer. The analysis results indicate that the optimal formulation for fermented noni jelly candy, serving as a reference for producers to manufacture consumer-preferred fermented noni jelly candy ( ), is a 50:50 ratio of fermented noni to lime.
Characterization of Mangoes In Cirebon Using The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Method (Snp)
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a leading horticultural commodity in Cirebon Regency, boasting a diverse array of local varieties with distinct fruit characteristics. Varietal identification has traditionally been based on morphological characteristics, but this method is often inaccurate due to environmental factors. Therefore, a more stable and objective molecular-based approach is needed, one of which is Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis. This study aims to characterize the genetic diversity of mangoes in Cirebon using SNP markers as a basis for kinship information and potential variety development. The research methods included leaf sampling from several local Cirebon mango varieties, genomic DNA isolation, DNA amplification using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method, and sequencing analysis to identify SNP variations. The SNP data obtained were analyzed to assess genetic diversity and kinship among mango varieties. The results showed genetic differences between local mango varieties that could be clearly distinguished using SNP markers. In conclusion, SNP-based characterization of Cirebon mango is effective for revealing genetic diversity and can serve as a basis for variety identification, preservation of local germplasm, and support for mango breeding and development programs in the Cirebon region.
Analysis of Women Empowerment through Sustainable Farming Education: Evidence from Karangcangkring Village, Indonesia
Women play a strategic role in the agricultural sector and family food security, yet they still face limited access to agricultural education, technology, and decision-making. This situation contributes to low levels of empowerment of female farmers, particularly in rural areas. This study aims to analyze women's empowerment through sustainable agricultural education, using a case study in Karangcangkring Village, Gresik Regency, Indonesia. The study employed a case study approach with descriptive qualitative methods supported by simple quantitative data. Data collection was conducted through participant observation, semi-structured interviews, pre- and post-activity questionnaires, and focus group discussions. The analysis of women's empowerment was conducted with reference to the cognitive, economic, social, and institutional dimensions. The results indicate that sustainable agricultural education has a positive impact on increasing the empowerment of female farmers. The most significant improvements occurred in the cognitive and social dimensions, demonstrated by increased agricultural technical knowledge, self-confidence, and women's active participation in group activities and decision-making. The economic and institutional dimensions also showed positive, albeit gradual, developments, particularly in production management, post-harvest management, and women's involvement in agricultural group structures. Overall, sustainable agricultural education not only improves the technical capacity of women farmers but also strengthens their agency, social participation, and position within rural agricultural livelihood systems. This research confirms that the integration of gender-sensitive agricultural education is a crucial strategy for empowering women farmers and promoting inclusive and sustainable agricultural development at the village level.
women's empowerment; sustainable agricultural education; women farmers; food security; rural Indonesia.
Intensity of Thrips Attacks On Eggplant As A Result of Plant-Based Pesticides Treatment
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a vegetable that is quite popular among various groups in Indonesia. Eggplant production in Indonesia in 2023 reached 699,896 tons and decreased to 675,397 tons in 2024 (BPS, 2025). With this level of productivity, eggplant plants are more susceptible to pests, one of which is Thrips. Thrips palmi usually attacks the leaves, flowers, and fruit. Damage caused by Thrips attacks on eggplant plants is characterized by silvery spots and physiological disorders on the leaves, leading to the growth of fungi that spread disease. This study was conducted in Nanggela Village, Mandirancan District, Kuningan Regency, at an altitude of ±200-300 m above sea level with a tropical climate ranging from 24°C to 33°C and an average temperature of 28°C. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of types of plant-based pesticides and their concentrations, namely clove leaf extract, garlic extract, and lemongrass extract, each of which had concentrations of 50ml/L water, 100ml/L water, and 150ml/L water. The results of the experiment showed that plant-based pesticides from garlic extract with a concentration of 100 ml/L of water had a significant effect on the intensity of attacks and damage caused by thrips, plant height, number of leaves, and crop yield in eggplant plants.
Comparative Income Analysis of Partner and Non-Partner Shallot Farmers in Cirebon
Reality shows that there is an income gap between farmers partnered with PT Tani Bawang Sejahtera and non-partner farmers, even though ideally partnerships should be able to promote equitable profits. This study aims to: 1) analyze the partnership pattern between PT Tani Bawang Sejahtera and its partner farmers; and 2) analyze the income differences between PT Tani Bawang Sejahtera partner farmers and non-partner farmers. This research was conducted in Babakan Subdistrict, Cirebon Regency, with the research process taking place from October 2025 to January 2026. The research design is considered a comparative quantitative study with a survey research technique. The population of this study consists of red onion farmers who are both partners and non-partners. Data analysis was conducted using a two-sample independent mean difference test (independent sample t-test). The study results showed that partner farmers had an average production cost of IDR. 175,610,184, revenue of IDR. 445,726,071, and income of IDR. 270,115,887, while non-partner farmers had a production cost of IDR. 174,596,638, revenue of IDR. 292,063,141, and income of IDR. 117,466,503. Based on the difference test analysis using the independent sample t-test, the significance was found to be 0.000 and the mean difference was positive, indicating a difference between the incomes of partner and non-partner farmers, with partner farmers having a higher average income.
The Effect of Controlled Release Fertilizer On The Growth of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) Seedlings In The Pre-Nursery
Improving oil palm production can be achieved through better cultivation management, including proper nursery practices. The quality of seedlings at the early growth stage plays a crucial role in determining field performance, making efficient fertilization essential from the pre-nursery phase. One of the fertilization technologies developed to improve nutrient uptake efficiency is the application of Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CRF compared with conventional NPK fertilizer on the growth of oil palm seedlings. The experiment was conducted for three months using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: no fertilizer (P0), NPK (P1), NPK + CRF (P2), and CRF (P3). Data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% significance level, followed by the LSD test when significant differences were detected. The results showed that treatments P2, P3, and P4 produced better growth responses than the control in all observed parameters, including plant height, number of leaves, leaf greenness, stem diameter, and leaf area. Fertilizer application significantly improved seedling growth, while CRF, either applied alone or in combination with NPK, produced growth responses comparable to conventional fertilization. These findings indicate that CRF has the potential to be used as an effective fertilization alternative to support oil palm seedling growth in the pre-nursery.
oil palm, Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF), pre-nursery.
Effectiveness of Insecticide–Surfactant Combinations Against Thrips palmi on Eggplant
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important horticultural crop in Indonesia; however, its productivity is frequently constrained by thrips infestation (Thrips palmi). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combinations of insecticide active ingredients and Ronstick surfactant in reducing the intensity of T. palmi attacks on eggplant plants. The research was conducted in Ender Village, Pangenan District, Cirebon Regency, from May to August 2025 using a Randomized Block Design with seven treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of abamectin, dinotefuran, and their combinations, each applied with Ronstick surfactant at concentrations of 1–2 ml/L, and a control without insecticide. The results showed that insecticide–surfactant combinations significantly reduced thrips population and attack intensity compared to the control. The combination of abamectin + dinotefuran with surfactant at 2 ml/L was the most effective treatment. These findings indicate that appropriate insecticide–surfactant combinations can enhance thrips control efficiency while supporting more rational insecticide use.
Growth Response of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora) Cuttings to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Dosage Application in Ultisol
Coffee production in Lampung Province faces significant challenges due to the dominance of Ultisol soils characterized by low fertility, high acidity, and phosphorus fixation. This study aimed to determine the optimal dosage of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum to enhance the growth of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) cuttings in Ultisol growing media. The experiment was conducted at the State Polytechnic of Lampung from August to October 2025 using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments: M0 (control without mycorrhizal), M1 (10 g mycorrhizal inoculum per plant), M2 (20 g per plant), and M3 (30 g per plant). Each treatment was replicated four times with three plants per experimental unit. Growth parameters measured included leaf number, plant height, and root volume at 0, 3, 9, and 12 weeks after transplanting. Results showed that the M1 treatment consistently produced superior growth performance across all parameters. At 12 weeks after transplanting, M1 achieved 21.44 leaves (53.1% increase), 38.69 cm plant height (48.7% increase), and 44.67 cm³ root volume (108.3% increase) compared to the control. Higher dosages (M2 and M3) showed diminishing returns, indicating excessive inoculum application may cause unfavorable carbon allocation dynamics. This study concludes that 10 g mycorrhizal inoculum per plant is the optimal dosage for enhancing robusta coffee cutting growth in Ultisol nursery systems.
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Coffea canephora, phosphorus mobilization, Ultisol soil, vegetative propagation
Quality Assessment of Arabica and Robusta Coffee Under Different Post-Harvest Processing Methods Using Solar Dryer Technology
Post-harvest processing methods significantly influence coffee quality, yet traditional sun-drying techniques require 15-17 days and often result in inconsistent quality, particularly during rainy seasons. This study investigated the effects of four post-harvest processing methods (Natural, Full Wash, Semi Wash, and Honey) on quality characteristics of Arabica Sigararutang and Robusta Toraja coffee varieties using solar dryer dome technology. The research employed a factorial design with five replications for each treatment combination, resulting in 40 experimental plots. Coffee cherries were harvested from West Sumatra plantations at elevations of 1050-1150 masl for Arabica and 780-900 masl for Robusta. Quality assessment encompassed physical parameters (fresh weight, drying duration, color changes, dry weight, and yield), chemical parameters (moisture content, caffeine content, and pH level), and sensory parameters (color intensity, aroma, and overall acceptance) evaluated by certified panelists using 1-7 scoring scales. Results demonstrated that the Honey process yielded superior overall quality for both varieties, achieving highest sensory scores for color (5.30-5.35), aroma (5.36-6.21), and overall acceptance (3.81-4.64). The Semi Wash process exhibited the most efficient drying performance, requiring only 22.7-24.6 days compared to 33.4-32.9 days for Natural process. All treatments successfully achieved optimal moisture content (11.3-12.3%) using solar dryer dome technology. Arabica beans demonstrated higher fresh weight and caffeine content than Robusta across all processing methods. The Honey processing method combined with solar dryer dome technology represents an optimal approach for enhancing coffee quality and market competitiveness in small and medium-scale enterprises.
coffee processing, Arabica, Robusta, solar dryer dome, sensory quality
Impact of Petroleum Industry Activities on Basic Soil Physical and Chemical Properties: A Case Study PT Pertamina EP Cepu Bojonegoro, Indonesia
Petroleum industrial activities have the potential to alter soil physical and chemical properties through various contamination mechanisms and operational processes. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of PT Pertamina EP Cepu petroleum industrial activities on basic physical and chemical soil properties in areas surrounding operations. The study was conducted from October to November 2025 using a descriptive survey approach with purposive sampling method. Soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm depth from 12 sampling points located within a ± 200-meter radius in four cardinal directions (North, East, South, and West) from the operational center. Physical properties analyzed included soil texture, bulk density, and porosity, while chemical properties included pH, C-Organic, total N, available P, exchangeable K, and electrical conductivity (EC). Data analysis was performed descriptively by comparing laboratory measurement results with soil property assessment criteria established by Balai Penelitian Tanah to categorize each parameter and identify soil quality degradation levels in the research area. The results showed that soil in the research area had clay texture (67% clay fraction), high bulk density (1.47 ± 0.21 g/cm³), moderate porosity (44.5%), neutral pH (6.7 ± 0.2), very low C-Organic (0.99 ± 0.07%) and total N (0.07 ± 0.01%), high available P (28.64 ± 2.22 mg/kg) and exchangeable K (0.94 cmol(+)/kg), and moderately high EC (3.9 dS/m). These findings indicate that petroleum operational activities have caused soil quality degradation, particularly through soil compaction and reduction in organic matter content. Appropriate soil management interventions, including organic matter addition, traffic management, and contamination remediation, are essential to restore and maintain soil quality in petroleum operational areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agricultural Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Seaweed Extract Biostimulant on Growth and Yield of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
Eggplant possesses high economic value with various nutritional contents such as minerals and vitamins that are benefical for human health. However, productivity decline due to environmental stress poses a challenge in global market demand fulfillment. The application of biostimulants represents one solution to enhance the growth and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). This research aimed to examine the effect and optimal concentration of biostimulant application on eggplant plants. The study was conducted in cultivation fields located in Nanggela Village, Kuningan Regency, West Java, from July to October 2025. This experiment used Randomized Block Design (RBD) with nine biostimulant concentration treatments and three replications, resulting in 27 experimental plots, each measuring 3,5 x 1,5 meters, consisting 14 plants and a 50 cm spacing between plots, 50 cm spacing between plants, and 60 cm spacing between rows. The vegetative phase observation parameters included root length, root volume, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, plant dry weight, and relative growth rate, while the generative phase parameters included number of fruits, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit weight, and yield weight per plant. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Scott-Knott cluster analyses to determind significant differences among treatments. The results showed that biostimulants had a significant effect on growth and development aspects. Specifically, biostimulant application significantly affected both vegetative and generative parameters. The best vegetative characteristics were obtained in K1 (1,0 ml/l), K2 (1,5 ml/l), and K3 (2,0 ml/l) treatments, while the optimal generative characteristics were produced in K1 (1,0 ml/l), K2 (1,5 ml/l), K4 (2,5 ml/l), and K7 (4,0 ml/l) treatments.
Gapoktan Partnership as a Mediator of Social Capital and Motivation for Sustainable Ipomoea reptans Poir Farming
The cultivation of Ipomoea reptans Poir in Balongpanggang District, Gresik Regency, serves as an adaptive response to post-harvest drought in rice fields and reflects the potential for sustainable agriculture. This study aims to analyse the mediating role of the Farmers’ Group Association (Gapoktan) in the relationship between social capital and farmer motivation towards sustainable farming practices. A mixed-methods design was employed, involving quantitative data from 35 farmers using a census approach and qualitative data from 39 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) participants. The quantitative data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling–Partial Least Squares (SEM–PLS), while the qualitative data were examined thematically. Results revealed that social capital had a significant positive effect on Gapoktan partnerships (O = 0.482, p < 0.001), and Gapoktan partnerships significantly influenced sustainable agriculture (O = 0.516, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis confirmed that Gapoktan strongly mediated the relationship between social capital and sustainable agriculture (O = 0.249, p = 0.001). However, farmer motivation had a positive but insignificant effect on both Gapoktan partnerships (p = 0.190) and sustainable agriculture through Gapoktan mediation (p = 0.279). The study concludes that sustainable I. reptans Poir farming is primarily driven by social capital channelled through Gapoktan partnerships, while motivation alone is insufficient without institutional reinforcement. Strengthening Gapoktan’s strategic role in collective marketing, capital access, and knowledge transfer is essential to transform existing social solidarity into a sustainable, inclusive agribusiness ecosystem.
Effectiveness of Neem Leaf Extract And Packaging Types On The Quality of Cilembu Variety Sweet Potato
Proper postharvest handling is a critical factor in maintaining the quality of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L). This research evaluated the effectiveness of neem leaf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) extract concentration and packaging type in inhibiting sprouting, reducing infestation by the sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius), and maintaining weight loss, starch content, and total dissolved solids in Cilembu variety sweet potatoes during storage. This experiment used a Completely Randomized Design with three replications, consisting of neem extract concentrations (0, 10, 20 ml/L) and packaging types (jute sacks, polinet nets, bamboo baskets). Neem leaves contain azadirachtin compounds which can preserve the physiological quality of sweet potatoes from pest attacks. The higher the concentration, the higher the level of effectiveness in maintaining and preserving the physiological quality of sweet potatoes during storage therefore, this study tested neem leaf extract concentrations of (0, 10, 20 ml/L). Results showed that the combination of 10 ml/L and 20 ml/L neem leaf extract with poly-net packaging yielded the best overall quality. This treatment significantly reduced sweet potato weevil infestation by up to 99.4% and suppressed weight loss by up to 33.8%, while maintaining more stable starch content and total soluble solids. The 10 ml/L and 20 ml/L neem leaf extract demonstrated optimal insecticidal properties, while the poly-net packaging provided the best ventilation for releasing respiratory heat and controlling moisture accumulation compared to jute sacks and bamboo baskets. In conclusion, the combination of 10 ml/L and 20 ml/L neem leaf extract with poly-net packaging is effective in maintaining the quality of Cilembu variety sweet potatoes during storage.
Physical Properties and Panelists’ Preference for Purple Sweet Potato Flour Flakes with Okara Flour Substitution
Purple sweet potato flour is a promising flake component due to its elevated carbohydrate and antioxidant levels. Nonetheless, its very low protein content requires the incorporation of supplementary ingredients, such as okara flour, which is abundant in protein and fiber, to enhance the nutritional profile of the final product. This study investigates the impact of replacing purple sweet potato flour with okara flour on flakes' physical properties (texture and rehydration capacity) and sensory acceptance (organoleptic qualities). A one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with five replacement levels: P0 (100%:0%), P1 (90%:10%), P2 (80%:20%), P3 (70%:30%), and P4 (60%:40%). The results showed that the substitution markedly influenced texture (p = 0.016) and rehydration capacity (p = 0.000), with increased okara levels resulting in firmer flakes and enhanced rehydration. Substitution markedly affected panelists' preferences for taste (p = 0.000), texture (p = 0.000), and color (p = 0.025), but not scent (p = 0.725). Elevating okara levels often diminished preference for flavor and texture, although color was favored at elevated okara concentrations. The optimal formulation was achieved with a 20% replacement of okara.
Inventory Management as a Driver of Supply Chain Performance in Agricultural Value Chains: A Lean Theory Perspective from Kenya
Inventory management is a critical supply chain practice with significant implications for supply chain performance, especially in agricultural value chains that face challenges of perishability, demand fluctuations, and resource constraints. Guided by Lean Theory, this study examined the effect of inventory management on supply chain performance within Kenya’s agricultural supply chains using a quantitative explanatory research design. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to employees across agricultural directorates. Reliability analysis confirmed strong internal consistency (α = 0.743 for inventory management; α = 0.850 for supply chain performance). Principal component analysis validated construct measurement (KMO = 0.769, p < 0.001). Regression results showed that inventory management significantly and positively predicts supply chain performance (β = 0.265, t = 6.120, p < 0.001), highlighting its role as a key determinant of efficiency and competitiveness. The study concludes that inventory management practices such as vendor-managed inventory, just-in-time replenishment, and stock transparency are indispensable for enhancing supply chain performance in Kenya’s agricultural sector. It recommends that policymakers and managers invest in Lean-inspired inventory strategies to optimize resource use, reduce waste, and build resilient agricultural supply chains.
inventory management, supply chain performance, Lean Theory, agricultural supply chains, Kenya
Corn Cob Compost An Environmentally Friendly Base Fertilizer Solution PT Nuansa Cipta Indowarna Mandiri
This demonstration plot study of the use of corn cake compost as a base fertilizer for corn farming on rain-fed land owned by PT. Nuansa Cipta Indowana Mandiri on Jl. Lumbang km. 07, Sumberkramat Village, Tongas District, Probolinggo Regency aims to analyze the socio-economic impacts of utilizing the company's abandoned/idle rain-fed land. This idle land utilization is intended to increase farm income and contribute to national harvest yields as a basis for food security. It also aims to determine the economic value of corn cake industrial waste as compost that can improve soil fertility. The data used are secondary data in the form of Corn Cake Flour Analysis results and primary data sourced from the demonstration plot data on the use of Corn Cake Flour compost as a base fertilizer for corn planting in rain-fed rice fields owned by PT. Nuansa Cipta Indowarna Mandiri in Sumber Kramat Village, Tongas District, Probolinggo Regency.The method used in this study was purposive sampling with observation, interviews, and documentation. Data were collected/processed and then analyzed using quantitative descriptive methods. The results of the study indicate that the abandoned/idle land of PT Nuansa Cipta Indowarna Mandiri is rain-fed land that has been planted with rice twice since 2009, namely in 2014 and in 2025 in a demonstration plot using corn filter cake compost, the land was planted with corn. Planting corn on a 3,000 m² plot produced 1,400 kg of dry corn kernels, with a total cost of IDR 6,713,000, - generating income of IDR 1,267,000, - the harvest yield decreased because 20% of the corn seedlings died due to heavy rain for 4 days. The R/C ratio of 1.19 is greater than 1, which means it is economically feasible. Socially, corn farming on the idle/abandoned land can absorb labor, provide cattle feed in the form of corn stalks for farm laborers harvesting, and contribute to corn harvest yields that can increase the number of corn harvests nationally. Corn Flour which is sugar waste from corn as the basic ingredient can be used as organic fertilizer because it has an organic C content of 25.56% (SNI Solid Organic Fertilizer Organic C content >15%) and a very low Fe content, namely available Fe 83.3 and total Fe 366 (SNI maximum available Fe 500 and maximum total Fe 15,000).Key words: Rainfed lowland farmers, income contribution, side job.
The Role of Mangroves In Mitigation of Ecosystem Degradation Threats In Gunung Anyar city of Surabaya
The coast of Surabaya City is dominated by mangrove forest ecosystems. The mangrove forest experiences a lot of shrinkage every year. The shrinkage that occurs in mangrove forests is not only caused by natural factors (abrasion and wind) but also due to logging activities by local communities. The degradation that occurs in mangrove forests is largely influenced by waves and tides. The existence of mangrove forests is thought to be very important for reducing the threat of degradation and can play a role in mitigating damage to existing ecosystems. The function of mangrove forests in mitigating the threat of degradation has encouraged a deeper study of mangrove forests which are thought to have a physical function as a barrier to ecosystem damage. The method used is a survey method with sampling using a transect line technique. The data collection technique in the field uses a transect line technique whose placement has been designed. The research results showed that three types were found, namely Avicennia marina, Rhizophora Apiculata, Ceriops candra. The tree level is calculated by the cover and density values ​​(trees/ha) to determine the standard criteria for determining mangrove forest damage. The cover level is very high with a final value of 99.61%. The results of the calculation of the density value (trees/ha) are above>150. amounting to 14,866.67, this shows that the density of trees in the Gunung Anyar mangrove forest is very high. Based on data from analysis of the Gunung Anyar mangrove forest, in general it has the ability to minimize degradation.
Degradation, mitigation, mangroves, density, closure
Copyright (c) 2023 Agricultural Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Circular Economy Based City Park Management Model in Surabaya Indonesia
Maintaining a green, clean, beautiful, and lush city park through the year requires sustainable management, which includes maintenance like watering, pruning, trimming, and rejuvenation, as well as the creation of new parks. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the successful management of city parks in Surabaya and to understand the organic material cycle involved in managing these parks. This study used qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected through interviews with park management personnel, documentation from various city government policies, and field observations related to park management activities. Data were analysed using triangulation methods. Trees and city parks need regular care, such as pruning and trimming, to provide optimal benefits. Pruning waste, along with other organic waste, is composted at composting facilities or recycling centers widely available in Surabaya. The cyclical management of organic waste from city parks impacts the growth and development of Surabaya's parks while simultaneously solve the problem of organic waste produced by city communities.Although many studies discuss urban green space and waste management in Surabaya, specific research mapping the biomass cycle and circular economy framework in city park management is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to fill that research gap by exploring how circular economy principles are implemented in the Surabaya city park management system.
Circular economy, management, city park, Biomassa
Response of Sansevieria trifasciata cuttings On the Soaking Time of Vigna radiata Sprouts Extract
This study aimed to determine the effect of soaking time of mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprout extract on the growth of snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) leaf cuttings. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture's screen house, UGJ Cirebon used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments of immersion duration (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes) each repeated five times. The parameters observed included root length, time to shoot emergence, number of shoots, leaf thickness, chlorophyll content, and plant growth rate. The analysis results showed that the immersion duration significantly affected root length, initial shoot emergence, and number of shoots, especially at 40 and 60 days after planting. The best treatment was obtained at 30 minutes of immersion which consistently produced the most optimal root and shoot growth. Meanwhile, there was no significant effect on leaf thickness, chlorophyll content, and plant growth rate in all treatments. The phytohormone content in mung bean sprout extract such as auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin is thought to play a role in stimulating root and shoot growth in the early phase of snake plant cutting propagation. This study proves that natural PGR from mung bean sprouts has the potential as an environmentally friendly alternative in supporting the vegetative propagation of ornamental plants.
Application of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers to the Vegetative Growth of Red Chilies (Capsicum Year L.)
This study aims to determine the extent of the effect of Nitrogen and phosphorus on the vegetative growth of red chili plants. The research method was carried out at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Merdeka University, Surabaya. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with two factors and three plant replications. The results showed a significant interaction between the combination of Nitrogen and Phosphorus treatments on Plant Height observations. The treatment of the correct (highest) Nitrogen fertilizer dose was shown by the N3 treatment and was significantly different from the N1 and N2 treatments on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves and number of branches. The treatment of the correct (highest) Phosphorus fertilizer dose was shown by the P2 treatment and was significantly different from the P1 treatment on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves and number of branches.
Chili, Fertilizer, Growth, Plants, Soil.